Long form and short form of auxiliaries
1. to be (am, are, is)
Affirmative | Negative | ||
---|---|---|---|
Long form | Contracted form | Long form | Contracted form |
I am | — | I am not | I‘m not |
you are | — | you are not | you‘re not |
you aren’t | |||
he is | — | he is not | he‘s not |
he isn’t | |||
she is | — | she is not | she‘s not |
she isn’t | |||
it is | — | it is not | it‘s not |
it isn’t | |||
we are | — | we are not | we‘re not |
we aren’t | |||
you are | — | you are not | you‘re not |
you aren’t | |||
they are | — | they are not | they‘re not |
they aren’t |
2. to be (was, were)
Affirmative | Negative | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pronoun | Long form | Contracted form | Long form | Contracted form |
I, he, she, it | I was | — | I was not | I wasn’t |
we, you, they | we were | — | we were not | you weren’t |
3. have (got)
Affirmative | Negative | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pronoun | Long form | Contracted form | Long form | Contracted form |
I, we, you, they | I have got | I‘ve got | we have not got | we‘ve not got |
we haven’t got | ||||
he, she, it | she has got | she‘s got | she has not got | she‘s not got |
she hasn’t got |
4. had (got)
Affirmative | Negative | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pronoun | Long form | Contracted form | Long form | Contracted form |
I, he, she, it, we, you, they | I had got | I‘d got | we had not got | we‘d not got |
we hadn’t got |
5. do
Affirmative | Negative | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pronoun | Long form | Contracted form | Long form | Contracted form |
I, we, you, they | I do | — | we do not | we don’t |
he, she, it | she does | — | she does not | she doesn’t |
6. did
Affirmative | Negative | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pronoun | Long form | Contracted form | Long form | Contracted form |
I, he, she, it, we, you, they | we did | — | we did not | we didn’t |
7. Modals (can, could, must, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to)
Affirmative | Negative | ||
---|---|---|---|
Long form | Contracted form | Long form | Contracted form |
can | – | cannot | can‘t |
could | – | could not | couldn’t |
must | – | must not | mustn’t |
might | – | might not | — |
need | – | need not | needn’t |
will | ‘ll | will not | won’t |
would | ‘d | would not | wouldn’t |
shall | – | shall not | shan’t |
should | ‘d | should not | shouldn’t |
ought to | – | ought not to | oughtn’t to |
The short/contracted forms ‘s and ‘d have have two different long forms:
- he‘s = he is or he has
- he‘d = he would or he had
If have is a full verb, we do not use the short form.
- I have a shower every morning.